I saw some discussions lately about the need or lack of need for new programming languages. In once case especially for teaching programming. In general I think that new programming languages are a good idea. From time to time it is good to start fresh and incorporate the latest ideas in a language that was designed from the ground up. C# is one example. Java is as well. Although personally I think C# is better having been able to learn from the mistakes made in Java. F# is still another example. But none of these were designed for teaching programming. The last big success in that area was PASCAL.
PASCAL was widely adopted for education and in fact was the first programming language of the APCS exams. It fell out of favor largely because object oriented programming became the standard programming paradigm in education. Before PASCAL we had BASIC which was designed as a language for beginners to use to learn programming. BASIC had its critics but there were sure a lot of people whose first learning about programming came from the BASIC that came with their personal computer.
Today first programming languages are all over the map. There is Kodu for the very young. Alice and Scratch for middle school (and up) and at the high school level we see Java (largely because of the AP exam), Visual Basic (and other versions of BASIC such as Small Basic), C++ (yes still and seeing a resurgence of sorts), C# (especially with the ability to create games with XNA) and Objective C (for some robotics and iPhone applications). Python seems to be picking up steam of late. And yes, in some areas, Scheme, which is a functional language, is being used. DrScheme is in fact designed for teaching as are Alice, Small Basic, and Scratch. So it is not as if languages designed for teaching don?t exist. But are they the right ones? That?s a question to start a debate.
Speaking of debates, just about any time someone asks about what the first language for teaching should be someone will suggest Assembly language. Now that works for some people. Bill Gates started with Assembly language for example. Worked for him. I?m not so sure it works for everyone or even for more than a few people. Eventually people are better off if they learn it but it is not a great first language.
SO what should a teaching language be like? I would suggest that a simple syntax with limited keywords would be a good start. Should it be an object oriented language that lets users create objects? I?m not so sure we need that right away. Use objects ? Yes! Create objects? I?m on the fence. The objects first crowd would howl about that but I am not convinced that we need objects first. See mark Guzdial?s There is no ?First? in CS1 What I want in a first teaching language is simplicity and creating classes is all too often not simple enough.
Strong typing or weak? Early or late binding? Does it really matter? Think simple. And always remember that you can?t teach all of programming let alone all of computer science in the first course.
I really like the graphical programming in Alice and Scratch. My biggest issue with them both is that dealing with variables is not easy enough. It?s not hard but it is also not obvious enough. Also input is too limited for my way of thinking. On the other hand Small Basic has much of what I like but has more syntax to mess with people. Syntax aside Small Basic has one other thing going for it that I really like ? the graduate button. Small Basic has a simple and smooth transition path to Visual Basic which is a full featured Object Oriented language with professional strength IDE and everything. Alice looks like it will have a path to Java but it is still ?coming? and when you get there it is still Java. I?d be happier it if took one to VB or C#. Either way a good teaching language should have a smooth path up the latter to professional tools.
Do we need a new language? Some are saying that Python is it. I?m not so sure.It may already be too complicated. Small Basic, in my opinion, is great in that it allows us to start younger and has a path upwards. Something with the drag and drop style of Scratch and the Windows Forms features of Visual Basic and C# would be really cool. Especially if there were a ?graduate button? to a next level language. What do you think?
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